![]() ![]() 1580 Francis Drake returns to England after circumnavigating the globe knighted by Queen Elizabeth I (1581). Peace of Constantinople (1572) ends Turkish attacks on Europe. Turkish fleet defeated at Battle of Lepanto by Spanish and Italian fleets (1571). Queen Elizabeth I excommunicated by Pope. ![]() 1570 Japan permits visits of foreign ships. 1568 Protestant Netherlands revolts against Catholic Spain independence will be acknowledged by Spain in 1648. Persecution continues periodically until Edict of Nantes (1598) gives Huguenots religious freedom (until 1685). Bartholomew's Day Massacre-thousands of Huguenots murdered (1572). French religious wars begin again with massacre of Huguenots at Vassy. 1561 Persecution of Huguenots in France stopped by Edict of Orleans. Renaissance will reach height in England- Shakespeare, Marlowe, Spenser. ![]() Restores Protestantism, establishes state Church of England (Anglicanism). 1558 Queen Elizabeth I ascends the throne (rules to 1603). 1556 Akbar the Great becomes Mogul emperor of India, conquers Afghanistan (1581), continues wars of conquest (until 1605). 1553 Roman Catholicism restored in England by Queen Mary I. 1547 Ivan IV (“the Terrible”) crowned as czar of Russia, begins conquest of Astrakhan and Kazan (1552), battles nobles (boyars) for power (1564), kills his son (1580), dies, and is succeeded by his weak and feeble-minded son, Fyodor I. 1545 Council of Trent to meet intermittently until 1563 to define Catholic dogma and doctrine, reiterate papal authority. 1543 Publication of On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies by Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernicus-giving his theory that the earth revolves around the sun. 1541 John Knox leads Reformation in Scotland, establishes Presbyterian church there (1560). John Calvin establishes Reformed and Presbyterian form of Protestantism in Switzerland, writes Institutes of the Christian Religion. 1536 Henry VIII executes second wife, Anne Boleyn. Lawrence River, basis of French claims to Canada. Sir Thomas More executed as traitor for refusal to acknowledge king's religious authority. 1535 Reformation begins as Henry VIII makes himself head of English Church after being excommunicated by Pope. Machiavelli's The Prince published posthumously. 1532 Pizarro marches from Panama to Peru, kills the Inca chieftain, Atahualpa, of Peru (1533). The Medici family expelled from Florence. 1527 Troops of the Holy Roman Empire attack Rome, imprison Pope Clement VII-the end of the Italian Renaissance. 1524 Verrazano, sailing under the French flag, explores the New England coast and New York Bay. One of his ships under Juan Sebastián del Cano continues around the world, reaches Spain (1522). Magellan reaches the Pacific, is killed by Philippine natives (1521). Suleiman I (“the Magnificent”) becomes Sultan of Turkey, invades Hungary (1521), Rhodes (1522), attacks Austria (1529), annexes Hungary (1541), Tripoli (1551), makes peace with Persia (1553), destroys Spanish fleet (1560), dies (1566). 1520 Luther excommunicated by Pope Leo X. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sets out to circumnavigate the globe. Charles I of Spain is chosen Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. Hernando Cortes conquers Mexico for Spain. 1519 Ulrich Zwingli begins Reformation in Switzerland. Martin Luther posts his 95 theses denouncing church abuses on church door in Wittenberg-start of the Reformation in Germany. 1517 Turks conquer Egypt, control Arabia. 1513 Balboa becomes the first European to encounter the Pacific Ocean. Michelangelo paints the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Peter's Church started in Rome designed and decorated by such artists and architects as Bramante, Michelangelo, da Vinci, Raphael, and Bernini before its completion in 1626. 1503 Leonardo da Vinci paints the Mona Lisa. 1501 First black slaves in America brought to Spanish colony of Santo Domingo. 1500 On April 22nd, Brazil was conquered by the Portuguese Crown when Pedro Álvares Cabral took possession of it in the name of King Manuel I. ![]()
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